Snowpack disrupts relationship between young water fraction and isotope amplitude ratio; approximately one fifth of mountain streamflow less than one year old     

Éowyn M. S. Campbell  Igor Pavlovskii  M. Cathryn Ryan 《水文研究》2020,34(25):4762-4775

Previous “fraction of young water” (F_yw) estimates based on relative annual isotopic amplitudes in precipitation (A_p) and streamflow (A_s) produced low F_yw values in mountain catchments, which is contrary to extensive research that reports rapid water transmission in mountains. This study investigated this discrepancy by testing the effect of snow accumulation on the model that underpins the F_yw method. A Monte-Carlo analysis of simulations for 20,000 randomly-generated catchment model configurations used 10 years of precipitation inputs for the Upper Elbow River catchment in the Rocky Mountains (Alberta, Canada) to model discharge with and without snowpack storage of winter precipitation. Neither direct nor modified precipitation input produced a 1:1 relationship between A_s/A_p and F_yw, undermining the applicability of the original F_yw method in mountain watersheds with large seasonal snow accumulation. With snowpack-modified input a given A_s/A_p ratio corresponds to a range of F_yw values, which can still provide semi-quantitative information. In the small (435 km²) Elbow River catchment a F_yw range of 7–23% supports previous findings of rapid transmission in mountain catchments. Further analysis showed that the improved discharge prediction (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency > 0.9) correlates with higher F_yw values and demonstrated that the interannual shifts in δ¹⁸O can be used to estimate of new water (<1 year) fraction in winter streamflow, and the estimate of 20% for the Elbow River further supports rapid transmission in mountain catchments.  相似文献   

离散Fréchet距离在强震台站场地分类中的应用     

梁基冠  程印  赵岑 《震灾防御技术》2019,14(4):731-741

当强震台站场地资料不完整时，所收集到的强震数据因缺乏准确的场地类别信息而难以有效利用。为解决这一问题，本文提出一种基于离散Fréchet距离的强震台站场地分类方法。将获取到的664个KiK-net台站场地按照《建筑抗震设计规范（GB 50011—2010）》进行分类，并构建2个数据集。利用数据集1得到Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类场地标准谱比曲线，并结合离散Fréchet距离对数据集2中的台站进行场地分类，统计分类成功率与误判率。统计结果表明，本文方法能较准确地对场地进行分类，且误判率在可接受范围内。将本文方法分类统计结果与斯皮尔曼秩相关系数法分类的成功率与误判率进行对比，结合本文方法分类后得到的平均谱比曲线，均可表明应用本文方法进行强震台站场地分类具有合理性。  相似文献   

Test and analysis of reinforced concrete (RC) precast shear wall assembled using steel shear key (SSK)     

Shao-Dong Shen  Peng Pan  Qi-Song Miao  Wen-Feng Li  Run-Hua Gong 《地震工程与结构动力学》2019,48(14):1595-1612

Reinforced concrete (RC) precast shear walls are extensively applied in practical engineering, owing to their fast construction speed. However, because of the transport conditions, RC precast shear walls have to be separated into small wall segments during the factory prefabrication procedure before being assembled on site. Typically, wet-type jointing methods are adopted to link the segments, which is time-consuming and results in unreliable post-pouring area strength. To overcome this problem, the novel scheme of the steel shear key (SSK) featuring steel shear panels and combined fillet and plug welding is proposed. Three RC precast shear wall specimens with different linking strength, termed as weakened SSK wall, standard SSK wall, and strengthened SSK wall, respectively, and an integrated shear wall specimen were designed. Quasi-static cyclic loading was applied to investigate the specimens' dynamic properties. The test results suggest the prefabricated wall segments equipped with SSKs showed reliable stiffness and bearing capacity and were improved in energy dissipation ability, compared with conventional shear walls. As the shear stiffness and number of equipped SSKs increased, the specimens exhibited higher strength, but their ductility and energy dissipation were slightly decreased. Most importantly, the standard SSK wall specimen could achieve satisfactory bearing capacity and deformability and is thus recommended for precast building structures. Finite element method (FEM) models were established to validate the test results, and parametric study analysis was conducted based on the coupling ratio of the SSK walls. Finally, an appropriate coupling ratio range is recommended for practical engineering applications.  相似文献   

固结时间对软土动力特性影响的试验研究     

兰景岩  王延伟  曹振中  刘娟 《震灾防御技术》2019,14(4):742-749

固结试验是研究软土动力特性的重要环节，固结时间是影响软土动力特征参数的重要因素。围绕岩土工程及科研工作中对动三轴试验中固结时间影响规律的认识较为模糊的问题，拟对天津滨海软土开展动三轴平行试验，分别采用8h、12h、24h、48h进行固结，针对软土的最大动剪切模量G_max、最大阻尼比λ_max及动剪切模量比G_d/G_max和阻尼比λ随动剪切应变γ_d的变化规律，分析固结时间对软土动力特性参数的影响。试验结果表明:G_max、λ_max、G_d/G_max-γ_d曲线、λ-γ_d曲线受固结时间的影响较为显著。G_d/G_max-γ_d曲线随着固结时间的增加而减小。阻尼比试验结果表明动剪切应变存在明显的分界点，分界点以下，中长期固结时间所得阻尼比较大，而分界点以上，短期固结时间所得阻尼比较大。  相似文献   

海水海砂混凝土双K断裂参数的确定   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

臧朝会  杨树桐  金亮亮 《海洋工程》2019,37(4):142-150

采用尺寸为515 mm×100 mm×100 mm初始缝高比从0.1变化至0.8的三点弯曲梁试件,利用试验测得起裂荷载Pini、最大荷载Pmax及对应的裂缝口张开位移CMODc等参数,研究了缝高比a0/h对海水海砂混凝土双K断裂参数的影响。并以相同配合比的淡水河砂梁作为对照组,进一步研究了海砂海水混凝土双K断裂参数与普通混凝土之间的关系。结果发现海水海砂混凝土断裂参数在a0/h=0.25～0.7范围内时可以认为是一常数;海水海砂混凝土梁断裂参数比相同配合比情况下的淡水河砂梁大且对边界影响更加敏感。  相似文献   

On the linear elastic responses of the 2D bonded discrete element model     

Gao-Feng Zhao  Qiuyue Yin  Adrian R. Russell  Yingchun Li  Wei Wu  Qin Li 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2019,43(1):166-182

The bonded discrete element model (DEM) is a numerical tool that is becoming widely used when studying fracturing, fragmentation, and failure of solids in various disciplines. However, its abilities to solve elastic problems are usually overlooked. In this work, the main features of the 2D bonded DEM which influence Poisson's ratio and Young's modulus, and accuracy when solving elastic boundary value problems, are investigated. Outputs of numerical simulations using the 2D bonded DEM, the finite element method, a hyper elasticity analysis, and the distinct lattice spring model (DLSM) are compared in the investigation. It is shown that a shear interaction (local) factor and a geometric (global) factor are two essential elements for the 2D bonded DEM to reproduce a full range of Poisson's ratios. It is also found that the 2D bonded DEM might be unable to reproduce the correct displacements for elastic boundary value problems when the represented Poisson's ratio is close to 0.5 or the long-range interaction is considered. In addition, an analytical relationship between the shear stiffness ratio and the Poisson's ratio, derived from a hyper elasticity analysis and applicable to discontinuum-based models, provides good agreement with outputs from the 2D bonded DEM and DLSM. Finally, it is shown that the selection of elastic parameters used the 2D bonded DEM has a significant effect on fracturing and fragment patterns of solids.  相似文献   

基于误差分布的震源区波速比反演及其应用:乳山震群源区介质性质变化研究          下载免费PDF全文

郑建常  李冬梅 《地球物理学报》2019,62(5):1693-1703

本文利用误差分布和概率统计分析改进了波速比计算方法.对于震源位置相对集中的震群活动,对台站震相到时进行两次差分,通过对差分后的震相数据对进行二维高斯分布拟合,可以稳健地估计震群活动震源区波速比.该方法充分利用了不同台站Pg、Sg到时差的所有信息,其优势是不需要地震事件的震源位置,并且不依赖震源区以外的速度变化,有效消除了震源区到台站的传播路径效应的影响;相对于传统的平均波速比,本文方法得到的震源区波速比,更能真实地反映震源区介质的性质.我们将该方法应用到2013—2016年的乳山震群,结果显示:震源区波速比的变化与震群活动过程密切相关,波速比的变化反映了序列活动的阶段性特征.  相似文献   

柱色谱分离-分子筛络合洗脱过程中正构烷烃单体碳同位素分馏研究     

董浩伟  赵佳玉  曾凡刚  谢曼曼  尚文郁  王淑贤  孙青 《岩矿测试》2021,(3):349-357

应用气相色谱-气体同位素质谱(GC-C-IRMS)分析正构烷烃单体碳同位素之前,需要对饱和烃样品中正构烷烃和异构烷烃进行预分离、富集,在预分离和富集过程中正构烷烃单体碳同位素是否发生分馏是高精度分析正构烷烃单体碳同位素比值(δ~(13)C)的关键。本文以正构烷烃混合溶液为对象,利用柱色谱、5■分子筛络合、环己烷-正戊烷混合溶剂两次洗脱,GC-C-IRMS分析正构烷烃单体碳同位素,研究前处理过程中正构烷烃单体碳同位素是否发生分馏。结果表明:使用柱色谱分离前后,多数正构烷烃单体碳同位素比值相差-0.2‰～0.2‰;当5■分子筛不完全络合时,未络合的正构烷烃单体碳同位素比值偏重约0.7‰,可能发生了微弱的碳同位素分馏,但并未影响洗脱后的正构烷烃单体碳同位素比值;使用环己烷-正戊烷混合溶剂洗脱前后,碳同位素比值相差-0.2‰～0.5‰,以同样方式洗脱第二次,获得的正构烷烃单体碳同位素比值与模拟样品相差-0.3‰～0.2‰。分析不同回收率(20%)正构烷烃的单体碳同位素比值,处理前后的差值基本在0.3‰以内,可见当正构烷烃回收率低至20%左右时,其单体碳同位素仍未发生明显分馏。柱色谱分离-5■分子筛络合-混合溶剂洗脱方法适用于回收率大于20%的正构烷烃单体碳同位素分析。  相似文献   

岩溶泉补给地表溪流二氧化碳脱气作用研究     

蓝高勇  汪智军  殷建军  唐伟  吴夏  杨会 《岩矿测试》2021,(5):720-730

碳酸盐岩风化作用(即岩溶作用)能够吸收大气二氧化碳(CO_2),形成溶解无机碳(DIC,dissolved inorganic carbon),被认为是一种重要的陆地碳汇,其在全球碳收支平衡和未来陆地增汇中可能会有重要贡献。然而,目前对岩溶碳汇的稳定性还存在争议,一些学者认为岩溶地下水出露地表后会发生CO_2脱气,对岩溶碳汇通量估算带来不确定性。本文以广西桂林长流水表层岩溶泉补给的溪流(约2.7km长)为例,利用水化学和同位素质谱仪测试技术,研究了溪水水化学指标和溶解无机碳同位素(δ~(13)C_(DIC))沿流程变化,探讨了溪流CO_2脱气过程、通量及其影响因素,以更好地了解岩溶碳汇的稳定性。结果表明:从泉口向下游,在陡坡地段(C1～C14段,长约270m,坡度约10°),溪水pH值、方解石饱和指数和δ~(13)C_(DIC)沿流程分别升高了0.9、0.9和1.8‰,而CO_2分压、电导率、Ca~(2+)浓度和DIC浓度分别下降了85%、34μS/cm、0.2mmol/L和0.7mmol/L,说明溪水发生了显著的CO_2脱气,并伴随碳酸钙沉淀。而在平缓地段(C18～C26段,长约2.1km,坡度1°),溪水各水化学指标和δ~(13)C_(DIC)变化较小,指示CO_2脱气作用较弱。这些发现表明溪流CO_2脱气受到了地形决定的水动力条件控制。另外,在下游渠段,受支流汇入影响,溪水pH值和方解石饱和指数有所降低,在一定程度上抑制了CO_2脱气。溪流CO_2脱气能够抵消部分岩溶作用固定的大气CO_2量,但是在长流水这一高地势、低流量且有碳酸钙沉积的环境下,其抵消的量也仅占29%。对于在低缓地区受流量很大的岩溶泉/地下河补给的河流,其CO_2脱气作用对岩溶碳汇的影响有限,加之受可能增强的水生光合生物固碳效应影响,岩溶碳汇应具有很高的稳定性。  相似文献   

浅谈前寒武纪条带状铁建造的沉积-变质成矿过程     

李旭平  陈妍蓉 《岩石学报》2021,37(1):253-268

条带状铁建造(BIF)是3.5~1.8Ga前陆架和洋盆的常见沉积物。前寒武纪条带状铁建造构成了世界上重要的铁矿资源。虽然它们成矿过程及其演化的许多方面的问题仍未解决,但人们普遍认为,它们沉积方式的长期变化与地球的环境和地球化学演化有关。条带状铁建造记录了前寒武纪古海洋、古环境、大气条件和细菌代谢条件以及铁的来源和沉积过程。大型BIF沉积与大火成岩省有成因联系,其铁的来源与火山物质加入的海底热液体系有关,或有陆缘岩石风化的无机物产物加入,越靠近陆缘,陆源碎屑物质加入的越多。然而,在太古宙到古元古代期间,BIF沉积的深水盆地中陆源物质的加入很少。那时的铁建造沉积在缺氧的海洋中,通过微生物的光合作用、无氧光合氧化和紫外光线辐射氧化等机制对溶解的二价铁进行氧化,从而形成三价铁氢氧化物和氧化物的沉积。大多数BIF大型矿床,自其在沉积环境中形成以来,它们在从太古宙直至中生代的漫长的地质历史演化过程中经历了铁矿的品位由低到高转化的复杂地质过程,一般经历了深部交代变质作用的除硅、除碳酸岩矿物的富集成矿和浅部风化富集成矿过程。许多BIF铁矿经历了从绿片岩相到角闪岩相变质作用,但到达的压力条件都不是很高,这或许与俯冲的高密度BIF铁矿难以折返的动力学机制有关。迄今为止,变质作用、尤其是高级变质作用对成矿过程的影响研究较少,是今后值得关注的领域。  相似文献